TCP/IP Protocol Suite:
Definition: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a networking protocol suite that provides communication protocols for reliable and secure transmission of data over networks, including the Internet.
Purpose: TCP/IP is the foundation of the modern internet and enables communication between devices connected to the network. It allows for reliable data transmission, routing, and addressing.
OSI Model:
Definition: The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven distinct layers, each responsible for specific tasks in the communication process.
Purpose: The OSI model provides a logical structure for understanding how network protocols and systems work together. It promotes interoperability and enables the development of network protocols that can communicate across different hardware and software platforms.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite - Study Points:
TCP/IP Layers:
Application Layer: Responsible for providing network services to user applications, such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
Transport Layer: Manages end-to-end communication between hosts and ensures reliable data delivery. Examples include TCP and UDP.
Internet Layer: Handles packet routing and IP addressing. IP (Internet Protocol) is the primary protocol used in this layer.
Link Layer: Deals with the physical connection to the network and includes protocols like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and PPP.
TCP/IP Protocols and Services:
IP (Internet Protocol): Provides addressing and routing functionality, ensuring packets are delivered to their intended destination.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Offers reliable, connection-oriented data delivery with error checking, flow control, and congestion control.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Provides connectionless, unreliable transport for applications that don't require guaranteed delivery.
DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names to IP addresses for web browsing and network communication.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Assigns IP addresses dynamically to network devices.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Handles network error reporting, diagnostics, and management.
IP Addressing and Subnetting - Study Points:
IP Address:
Definition: An IP address is a numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a network. It consists of four sets of numbers, separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
Types: IP addresses can be IPv4 or IPv6. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses designed to address the limitation of IPv4.
Subnetting:
Purpose: Subnetting allows the division of a larger IP network into smaller subnetworks, improving network efficiency and enabling better address allocation.
Subnet Mask: A subnet mask is used to identify the network and host portions of an IP address. It determines the size of the network and the number of hosts it can accommodate.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): CIDR notation is used to represent IP addresses and subnet masks together, specifying the network prefix length (e.g., 192.168.0.0/24).
IP Routing:
Routing Tables: Routers use routing tables to determine the best path for forwarding IP packets. These tables contain network addresses, next-hop addresses, and interface information.
Routing Protocols: Routing protocols, such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), are used to exchange routing information and dynamically update routing tables.